The son of a French planter and a slave woman, Rillieux left his home in New Orleans to study engineering in Paris.
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Free black Norbert Rillieux patented his sugar refining evaporator, thus revolutionizing the industry. Jennings, whose dry-cleaning methodology received patent protection in 1821, and Henry Blair who invented a seed planter in 1834. The first free blacks to have their inventions recorded were Thomas L. Of Philadelphia in 1832, were simply never patented, one cannot be sure how many inventions were made by free blacks either. Since the race of patent-seekers was rarely noted and other African American inventions such as ice cream, created by Augustus Jackson Similarly, Benjamin Montgomery, a slave belonging to Confederate President Jefferson Davis, is thought to have concocted an improved boat propeller. For example, Joe Anderson, a slave, was believed to have played a major role in the creation of a grain harvester, or reaper, that his master Cyrus McCormick was credited with inventing, but available records are insufficient to determine the degree to which Anderson was involved. One can only speculate on the extent to which slaves were active in invention. As a result, the efforts of slaves were dismissed or credited to their masters. The underlying theory was that since slaves were not citizens, they could not enter into contracts with their owners or the government. In one of history’s most absurd bureaucratic fiats, slaves could neither be granted patents nor could they assign patents to their masters. Slaves would not have this right until the passage of the Fourteenth Amendment.
Patent Act, legislation that extended patent rights to inventors, including free blacks. New editions were issued for several years. In the early 1790s, his almanac-a year-long calendar loaded with weather and astronomical information that was especially useful to farmers-was published with much success. Thus, not only was Banneker the first African American to receive a presidential appointment, he was one of the first African American civil engineers. Later, Banneker and the Quaker’s son were selected to lay the plans for the city of Washington, D.C. In 1754, Banneker constructed what has been considered the first grandfather clock made in the United States. Considered the first African American scientist, Banneker was an expert in mathematics and astronomy, both of which he studied during his friendship with an influential white Quaker neighbor. One of the earliest African American stars of science was Benjamin Banneker, a free African American who lived in the 1700s. Later, Latimer became a member of the Edison Pioneers, a group of inventors who worked for Thomas Edison from 1884 to 1912. For example, when Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone, he chose Lewis Latimer to draft the plans. Though not all of them became household names, African Americans have made their mark in science and technology.
The Industrial Revolution swept African Americans along just as dramatically as it did the rest of the world. However, will and intelligence helped individuals bring their ideas and dreams into the light. Perhaps in science more than in other areas, African Americans have been afforded few sanctioned opportunities to offer contributions.
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